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α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number ...
The user may choose to replace the inclination angle by its complement, the elevation angle (or altitude angle), measured upward between the reference plane and the radial line—i.e., from the reference plane upward (towards to the positive z-axis) to the radial line. The depression angle is the negative of the elevation angle.
The term track gradient is relative elevation of the two rails along the track. This can be expressed in the distance traveled horizontally for a rise of one unit, or in terms of an angle of inclination or a percentage difference in elevation for a given distance of the track.
Determining the angle of the Earth's magnetic field with respect to the horizontal plane. Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal. Surveying, to measure an angle of inclination or elevation. Alerting an equipment operator that it may tip over. Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, e.g. of an embankment.
Geodetic latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an angle from −90° to +90°, where 0° is the equator. The geodetic latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line that is normal to the reference ellipsoid.
Dip is the inclination of a given feature, and is measured from the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane. [5] [6] True dip is always perpendicular to the strike. It is written as a number (between 0° and 90°) indicating the angle in degrees below horizontal.
Greek: the ridge height is 1 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 7 the span (an angle of 12.5° to 16°); Roman: the ridge height is 2 ⁄ 9 to 1 ⁄ 3 the span (an angle of 24° to 34°); Common: the rafter length is 3 ⁄ 4 the span (about 48°); Gothic: the rafters equal the span (60°); and; Elizabethan: the rafters are longer than the span (more than 60°). [7]
These angles are normally taken as one in the external reference frame (heading, bearing), one in the intrinsic moving frame and one in a middle frame, representing an elevation or inclination with respect to the horizontal plane, which is equivalent to the line of nodes for this purpose.