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Non-specific effects of vaccines (also called "heterologous effects" or "off-target effects") are effects which go beyond the specific protective effects against the targeted diseases. Non-specific effects from live vaccines can be strongly beneficial by increasing protection against non-targeted infections. [ 1 ]
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system [1] is one of the two main immunity strategies in vertebrates (the other being the adaptive immune system). The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants , fungi , prokaryotes , and invertebrates (see Beyond vertebrates ).
If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all animals . [ 2 ] If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response. [ 3 ]
Non-specific immunity, or innate immunity, is the immune system with which you were born, made up of phagocytes and barriers. Phagocytosis , derived from the Greek words phagein , meaning to eat, kytos or cell, and “osis” meaning process, was first described by Élie Metchnikoff , who won the Nobel Prize 100 years ago.
Non-specific effect may refer to: Placebo , as placebo treatment in controlled medical trials. Non-specific effect of vaccines , as effects from vaccines other than those on the targeted disease.
It is possible for this disorder to progress over time. A patient with the disorder can improve their condition with treatments. There are several types of therapies that may improve their condition, but depending on a patient's experience of the disorder or the cause of the disorder, treatments will vary.
In English, the concept of specificity is often denoted by the use of particular adjectives, such as certain.Indefinite noun phrases without these adjectives, like a chair, one coat, or three men, can typically be understood as either specific or non-specific, leaving them unmarked for specificity.
Variable binding relates three things: a variable v, a location a for that variable in an expression and a non-leaf node n of the form Q(v, P). Note: we define a location in an expression as a leaf node in the syntax tree. Variable binding occurs when that location is below the node n. In the lambda calculus, x is a bound variable in the term M ...