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Myelomalacia is a pathological term referring to the softening of the spinal cord. [1] Possible causes of myelomalacia include cervical myelopathy, hemorrhagic infarction, or acute injury, such as that caused by intervertebral disc extrusion.
MRI of a fractured and dislocated cervical vertebra (C4) in the neck that is compressing the spinal cord: Specialty: Neurosurgery: Types: Complete, incomplete [1] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms, medical imaging [1] Treatment: Spinal motion restriction, intravenous fluids, vasopressors [1] Frequency: c. 12,000 annually in the United States [2]
Retrolisthesis can be classified as a form of spondylolisthesis, since spondylolisthesis is often defined in the literature as displacement in any direction. [1] [2] Yet, medical dictionaries usually define spondylolisthesis specifically as the forward or anterior displacement of a vertebra over the vertebra inferior to it (or the sacrum).
[1] [2] The diagnosis is challenging, primarily because symptoms often mimic more common and benign degenerative spinal diseases. [8] [9] Spinal cord compression is commonly found in patients with metastatic malignancy. [10] Back pain is a primary symptom of spinal cord compression in patients with known malignancy. [11]
Because many organs can be affected by myeloma, the symptoms and signs vary greatly. Fatigue and bone pain are the most common symptoms at presentation. The CRAB criteria were formerly the benchmark used to establish the presence of active multiple myeloma (as opposed to an earlier, generally asymptomatic, "smoldering" form of the disease).
Symptoms suggestive of cord compression are back pain, a dermatome of increased sensation, paralysis of limbs below the level of compression, decreased sensation below the level of compression, urinary and fecal incontinence and/or urinary retention. Lhermitte's sign (intermittent shooting electrical sensation) and hyperreflexia may be present.