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The following table shows a range of estimates of the levelized costs of gray, blue, and green hydrogen, expressed in terms of US$ per kg of H 2 (where data provided in other currencies or units, the average exchange rate to US dollars in the given year are used, and 1 kg of H 2 is assumed to have a calorific value of 33.3kWh).
In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.
At an electricity cost of $0.06/kWh, as set out in the Department of Energy hydrogen production targets for 2015, [73] the hydrogen cost is $3/kg. The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. [ 74 ]
Energy per unit volume has the same physical units ... both being less than the lower heat of combustion (120 MJ/kg). ... giving just 6.8 MJ per kg total mass for the ...
The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kW·h, which is achievable given 2018 PPA tenders [76] for wind and solar in many regions. This puts the $4/gasoline gallon equivalent (gge) H 2 dispensed objective well within reach, and close to a slightly elevated natural gas production cost for ...
The United States produces 9–10 million tons of hydrogen per year, mostly with steam reforming of natural gas. [13] The worldwide ammonia production, using hydrogen derived from steam reforming, was 144 million tonnes in 2018. [14] The energy consumption has been reduced from 100 GJ/tonne of ammonia in 1920 to 27 GJ by 2019. [15]
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The temperature and pressure scales are logarithmic, so one unit corresponds to a 10× change. The left edge corresponds to 10 5 Pa, or about one atmosphere. [image reference needed] Gaseous hydrogen; Liquid hydrogen; Slush hydrogen; Solid hydrogen; Metallic hydrogen; Plasma hydrogen