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Pipeline pre-commissioning is the process of proving the ability of a pipeline and piping systems to contain product without leaking. This product may be liquid, gaseous or multiphase hydrocarbons, water, steam, CO 2, N 2, petrol, aviation fuel etc.
A lead service line (LSL, also known as lead service pipe, [1] and lead connection pipe [2]) is a pipe made of lead which is used in potable water distribution to connect a water main to a user's premises. Lead exposure is a public health hazard as it causes developmental effects in fetuses, infants, and young children. It also has other health ...
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Cleaning procedures are validated to demonstrate that they are effective, reproducible, and under control. In order to adequately clean processing equipment, the equipment must be designed with smooth stainless steel surfaces and interconnecting piping that has cleanable joints. [ 7 ]
Annex G provides illustrations and a short tutorial about each piping plan. As has been the case for every edition, changes were made to the standard piping plans. In particular, the piping plans now default to using transmitters with local indicators as part of the instrumentation. [7]
In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. are used in plumbing systems. [40] Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping. Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices that use water and can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be ...
A cleaning pig for a 710-millimetre (28 in) oil pipeline. The blue plastic disks seal against the inside of the pipe to propel the device and to remove loose sedimentation or scale buildup. The black rectangles at the top and the circular disks in the center are magnets to attract and remove any loose metal objects in the pipe.
Unwanted gas is generally removed by flushing with an inert gas. Argon is generally used for this purpose but helium is an alternative depending on gas cost and availability. Nitrogen has been used as a purge gas but is unsuitable for some stainless steels. The most common way to remove gas from the weld zone is to flush it away with an inert ...