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The theory of electron capture was first discussed by Gian-Carlo Wick in a 1934 paper, and then developed by Hideki Yukawa and others. K-electron capture was first observed by Luis Alvarez, in vanadium, 48 V, which he reported in 1937. [3] [4] [5] Alvarez went on to study electron capture in gallium (67 Ga) and other nuclides. [3] [6] [7]
This corresponds to β − decay or electron emission, the only form of beta decay which had been observed when Fajans and Soddy proposed their law in 1913. Later, in the 1930s, other forms of beta decay known as β + decay ( positron emission ) and electron capture were discovered, in which the atomic number becomes less by 1 than that of the ...
Since the protons are changed to neutrons, the number of neutrons increases by two, while the number of protons Z decreases by two, and the atomic mass number A remains unchanged. As a result, by reducing the atomic number by two, double electron capture transforms the nuclide into a different element. [2] Example:
boson, which then decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino. [10] (p28) Another example is electron capture – a common variant of radioactive decay – wherein a proton and an electron within an atom interact and are changed to a neutron (an up quark is changed to a down quark), and an electron neutrino is emitted.
Resonance electron capture [3] is also known as nondissociative EC. The compound captures an electron to form a radical anion. [4] The energy of the electrons are about 0 eV. The electrons can be created in the Electron Ionization source with moderating gas such as H 2, CH 4, i-C 4 H 10, NH 3, N 2, and Ar. [5] After the ion captures the electron, the complex formed can stabilize during ...
During the formation of neutron stars, or in radioactive isotopes capable of electron capture, neutrons are created by electron capture: p + e − → n + ν e. This is similar to the inverse beta reaction in that a proton is changed to a neutron, but is induced by the capture of an electron instead of an antineutrino.
The two types of beta decay are known as beta minus and beta plus.In beta minus (β −) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β +) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. β + decay is also known as positron emission.
[100] [101] [102] Some of these heavier isotopes (such as 291 Mc, 291 Fl, and 291 Nh) may also undergo electron capture (converting a proton into a neutron) in addition to alpha decay with relatively long half-lives, decaying to nuclei such as 291 Cn that are predicted to lie near the center of the island of stability. However, this remains ...