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Generally, ores of 5 parts per million (g/t) or greater grade will be extracted using underground mining and aim follow the gold bearing structure. [50] A gold mine can expect to extract ores of 1–2 parts per million (g/t) in an open pit mine due to the relatively lower operating costs of an open pit mine. [51]
In the case of fire assaying of gold and platinum ores, the lengthy time required to carry out an assay is generally offset by carrying out large numbers of assays simultaneously, and a typical laboratory will be equipped with several fusion and cupellation furnaces, each capable of taking multiple samples, so that several hundred analyses per ...
The content of gold within these deposits is largely variable, and can be a factor in the economic value of the deposit. The gold contents of all deposits averages 0.41 g/t Au, with the majority of worldwide deposits averaging less than 1 g/t Au. [2] The occurrence of native gold mineralization. Example from Kalgoorlie Australia.
An ore shoot is a hypogenic mass that is deposited in veins within a planar channel or lode, found in a shear or fault zone, fissure or lithologic boundary. [1] The ore shoot is the area of concentration which contains a primary ore along the veins present in the rock, and consists of the most valuable part of the deposit.
Gold mining produces more waste than mining of other minerals, because it can be mined at a lower grade. Tailings can contain lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. These toxins can pose health risks for local communities. [69] Arsenic is typically found in gold-containing ores, and gold processing may contaminate groundwater or the
The expansion of gold mining in the Rand of South Africa began to slow down in the 1880s, as the new deposits being found tended to be pyritic ore. The gold was difficult to extract from such ores. A process known as chlorination was once used to treat pyritic gold ore. Typically, the ore was roasted and then treated with chlorine gas. The ...
In 1970, South Africa produced 995 tonnes or 32 million ounces of gold, two-thirds of the world's production of 47.5 million ounces. [2] Production figures are for primary mine production. In the US , for example, for the year 2011, secondary sources (new and old scrap) exceeded primary production.
High-grade gold ore from the Harvard Mine, Jamestown, California, a wide quartz-gold vein in California's Mother Lode. Specimen is 3.2 cm (1.3 in) wide. Various theories of ore genesis explain how the various types of mineral deposits form within Earth's crust. Ore-genesis theories vary depending on the mineral or commodity examined.