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The roll axis (or longitudinal axis [5]) has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed forward, parallel to the fuselage reference line. Motion about this axis is called roll. An angular displacement about this axis is called bank. [3] A positive rolling motion lifts the left wing and lowers the right wing.
The most common aeronautical convention defines roll as acting about the longitudinal axis, positive with the starboard (right) wing down. Yaw is about the vertical body axis, positive with the nose to starboard. Pitch is about an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of symmetry, positive nose up. [2]
The longitudinal axis passes through the aircraft from nose to tail. Rotation about this axis is called roll. [3] The angular displacement about this axis is called bank. [4] The pilot changes bank angle by increasing the lift on one wing and decreasing it on the other. This differential lift causes rotation around the longitudinal axis.
The longitudinal stability of an aircraft, also called pitch stability, [2] refers to the aircraft's stability in its plane of symmetry [2] about the lateral axis (the axis along the wingspan). [1] It is an important aspect of the handling qualities of the aircraft, and one of the main factors determining the ease with which the pilot is able ...
Angle of incidence of an airplane wing on an airplane. On fixed-wing aircraft, the angle of incidence (sometimes referred to as the mounting angle [1] or setting angle) is the angle between the chord line of the wing where the wing is mounted to the fuselage, and a reference axis along the fuselage (often the direction of minimum drag, or where applicable, the longitudinal axis).
The location of the reference datum is established by the manufacturer and is defined in the aircraft flight manual. The horizontal reference datum is an imaginary vertical plane or point, placed along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, from which all horizontal distances are measured for weight and balance purposes.
By contrast, in case of air and sea vehicles like submarines, ships, airplanes etc., which use the NED-system (North-East-Down) as external reference (World frame), the vehicle's (body's) positive y- or pitch axis always points to its right, and its positive z- or yaw axis always points down. World frame's origin is fixed at the center of ...
z E axis - positive towards the center of the Earth; Body frame Origin - airplane center of gravity; x b (longitudinal) axis - positive out the nose of the aircraft in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft; z b (vertical) axis - perpendicular to the x b axis, in the plane of symmetry of the aircraft, positive below the aircraft