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The operation of any car results in non-exhaust emissions such as brake dust, airborne road dust, and tire erosion, which contribute to particulate matter in the air. [53] Particulate matter is dangerous for respiratory health. [54] [55] In the UK non-tailpipe particulate emissions from all types of vehicles (including electric vehicles) may be ...
Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and, in 2014, with Euro 6 for ...
The authors emphasized that vehicles contribute merely about 1% to California’s total direct fine particulate matter emissions, with a significant portion originating from older models, as per ...
[15] [16] Lighter vehicles pollute less [15] and reducing vehicle kilometers traveled is another method of mitigating non-exhaust emissions. Reducing demand for private vehicle travel can be accomplished by various measures that increase the relative attractiveness of public transport and non-motorized modes relative to private vehicles.
Vehicles older than 4 years required, this will change to 7 years in 2015. Specially registered cars made before 1975 and special vehicles may be exempted. Biennially when required Exempt for first seven model years of gasoline vehicles. When outside exemption, vehicles up to 32 years old – biennially, else annually.
Additionally, as car tires wear down, they shed the materials they are made of into the air as particulate pollution. [10] Those pollutants are known to cause various respiratory and other health issues and cars are among the leading cause of smog in modern developed world cities. External costs which can arise from using cars and trucks in ...