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Quarks have fractional electric charge values – either (− 1 / 3 ) or (+ 2 / 3 ) times the elementary charge (e), depending on flavor. Up, charm, and top quarks (collectively referred to as up-type quarks) have a charge of + 2 / 3 e; down, strange, and bottom quarks (down-type quarks) have a charge of − 1 / 3 e.
Composite bosons (especially 2 quarks), in which case they are called mesons. Quark models, first proposed in 1964 independently by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (who called quarks "aces"), describe the known hadrons as composed of valence quarks and/or antiquarks, tightly bound by the color force, which is mediated by gluons.
These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = 1 / 2 and J = 3 / 2 configurations with positive parity. [5]Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = 3 / 2 configuration, but J = 1 / 2 is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
The Standard Model's quarks have "non-integer" electric charges, namely, multiple of 1 / 3 e, but quarks (and other combinations with non-integer electric charge) cannot be isolated due to color confinement. For baryons, mesons, and their antiparticles the constituent quarks' charges sum up to an integer multiple of e.
Pages in category "Quarks" The following 22 pages are in this category, out of 22 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
All quarks are assigned a baryon number of 1 / 3 . Up, charm and top quarks have an electric charge of + 2 / 3 , while the down, strange, and bottom quarks have an electric charge of − 1 / 3 . Antiquarks have the opposite quantum numbers. Quarks are spin- 1 / 2 particles, and thus fermions. Each quark or antiquark ...
Quarks also carry fractional electric charges, but, since they are confined within hadrons whose charges are all integral, fractional charges have never been isolated. Note that quarks have electric charges of either + + 2 / 3 e or − + 1 / 3 e , whereas antiquarks have corresponding electric charges of either − + 2 / 3 ...
In particle physics, a tetraquark is an exotic meson composed of four valence quarks. A tetraquark state has long been suspected to be allowed by quantum chromodynamics, [1] the modern theory of strong interactions. A tetraquark state is an example of an exotic hadron that lies outside the conventional quark model classification. A number of ...