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Format is a function in Common Lisp that can produce formatted text using a format string similar to the print format string.It provides more functionality than print, allowing the user to output numbers in various formats (including, for instance: hex, binary, octal, roman numerals, and English), apply certain format specifiers only under certain conditions, iterate over data structures ...
In a dynamically typed language, where type can only be determined at runtime, many type errors can only be detected at runtime. For example, the Python code a + b is syntactically valid at the phrase level, but the correctness of the types of a and b can only be determined at runtime, as variables do not have types in Python, only values do.
An early example of pretty-printing was Bill Gosper's "GRINDEF" (i.e. 'grind function') program (c. 1967), which used combinatorial search with pruning to format LISP programs. Early versions operated on the executable (list structure) form of the Lisp program and were oblivious to the special meanings of various functions.
Linked lists are one of Lisp's major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp. The interchangeability of code and data gives Lisp its
Statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers across Europe; the standardizers intended to create a new Lisp "less encumbered by the past" (compared to Common Lisp), and not so minimalist as Scheme, and to integrate the object-oriented programming paradigm well ...
A fundamental distinction between Lisp and other languages is that in Lisp, the textual representation of a program is simply a human-readable description of the same internal data structures (linked lists, symbols, number, characters, etc.) as would be used by the underlying Lisp system. Lisp uses this to implement a very powerful macro system.
Practical Common Lisp is an introductory book on the programming language Common Lisp by Peter Seibel. [1] It features a fairly complete introduction to the language interspersed with practical example chapters, which show developing various pieces of software [2] [3] such as a unit testing framework, a library for parsing ID3 tags, a spam filter, and a SHOUTcast server.
On Lisp: Advanced Techniques for Common Lisp is a book by Paul Graham on macro programming in Common Lisp. Published in 1993, it is currently out of print, [ 1 ] but can be freely downloaded as a PDF file.