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Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes . Init is started by the kernel during the booting process; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it, or it should die for any reason.
Once the kernel has started, it starts the init process, [20] a daemon which then bootstraps the user space, for example by checking and mounting file systems, and starting up other processes. The init system is the first daemon to start (during booting) and the last daemon to terminate (during shutdown). Systemd load is a runlevel target to ...
As an integrated software suite, systemd replaces the startup sequences and runlevels controlled by the traditional init daemon, along with the shell scripts executed under its control. systemd also integrates many other services that are common on Linux systems by handling user logins, the system console, device hotplugging (see udev ...
In Linux systems, initrd (initial ramdisk) is a scheme for loading a temporary root file system into memory, to be used as part of the Linux startup process. initrd and initramfs (from INITial RAM File System) refer to two different methods of achieving this.
During the final stages of kernel userspace initialization, a panic is typically triggered if the spawning of init fails. A panic might also be triggered if the init process terminates, as the system would then be unusable. [11] The following is an implementation of the Linux kernel final initialization in kernel_init(): [12]
After the Linux kernel has booted, the /sbin/init program reads the /etc/inittab file to determine the behavior for each runlevel. Unless the user specifies another value as a kernel boot parameter , the system will attempt to enter (start) the default runlevel.
runit is an init and service management scheme for Unix-like Operating systems that initializes, supervises, and ends processes throughout the operating system. Runit is a reimplementation of the daemontools [3] process supervision toolkit that runs on many Linux-based operating systems, as well as BSD, and Solaris operating systems.
Instead, the system simply redefines the "parent PID" field in the child process's data to be the process that is the "ancestor" of every other process in the system, whose PID generally has the value of 1 (one), and whose name is traditionally "init" (except in the Linux kernel 3.4 and above [more info below]).