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Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors.Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"), as opposed to earlier resistor–transistor logic (RTL) and diode–transistor logic (DTL).
Transistor–transistor logic uses bipolar transistors to form its integrated circuits. [12] TTL has changed significantly over the years, with newer versions replacing the older types. Since the transistors of a standard TTL gate are saturated switches, minority carrier storage time in each junction limits the switching speed of the device.
MAX232 chip in DIP-16 package The die of a MAX232 MAX232 pinout: Red: power, Yellow: charge pump capacitors, Blue: outputs, Green: inputs, Pins 9–12: TTL/CMOS I/O voltages. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit by Maxim Integrated Products, now a subsidiary of Analog Devices, that converts signals from a TIA-232 (RS-232) serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL-compatible digital logic ...
Current mode logic (CML), or source-coupled logic (SCL), is a digital design style used both for logic gates and for board-level digital signaling of digital data. The basic principle of CML is that current from a constant current generator is steered between two alternate paths depending on whether a logic zero or logic one is being represented.
Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) is similar to resistor–transistor logic (RTL), but the input transistor bases are connected directly to the collector outputs without any base resistors. Consequently, DCTL gates have fewer components, are more economical, and are simpler to fabricate onto integrated circuits than RTL gates.
A multiple-emitter transistor is a specialized bipolar transistor mostly used at the inputs of integrated circuit TTL NAND logic gates. Input signals are applied to the emitters . The voltage presented to the following stage is pulled low if any one or more of the base–emitter junctions is forward biased, allowing logical operations to be ...
In 1967, Fairchild Semiconductor introduced the Micromatrix family of bipolar diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) arrays. [3] Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology opened the door to the broad commercialization of gate arrays.
See also: Diode logic § Active-high AND logic gate Open-collector buffers connected as wired AND.. The wired AND connection is a form of AND gate.When using open collector or similar outputs (which can be identified by the ⎐ symbol in schematics), wired AND only requires a pull up resistor on the shared output wire.