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Genetic pollution is a term for uncontrolled [1] [2] gene flow into wild populations. It is defined as "the dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms, esp. by cross-pollination", [3] but has come to be used in some broader ways.
Mutation breeding — Genetic pollution; Synthetic biology — Synthetic DNA • Artificially Expanded Genetic Information System • Hachimoji DNA; Genetically modified food — Genetically modified crops • Genetically modified livestock • Genetically modified food controversies; Pollution — Nonpoint source pollution • Point source ...
The key areas of controversy related to genetically modified food (GM food or GMO food) are whether such food should be labeled, the role of government regulators, the objectivity of scientific research and publication, the effect of genetically modified crops on health and the environment, the effect on pesticide resistance, the impact of such ...
Genetically modified organisms are classified and controlled under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 under United States Environmental Protection Agency. [64] Measures have been created to address these concerns. Organisms can be modified such that they can only survive and grow under specific sets of environmental conditions. [63]
When the biological pollution is introduced to an aquatic environment, it contributes to water pollution. Biopollution may cause adverse effects at several levels of biological organization: an individual organism (internal pollution by parasites or pathogens), a population (by genetic change, i.e. hybridization of IAS with a native species),
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". [1]
As genetic modification is so fast, the environment may not be able to adapt and integrate the new organism into the ecosystem or it could have unwanted effects on its surroundings. [26] Other impacts on the environment include unnatural gene flow, modification of soil and water chemistry, and reduction of species diversity. [25]
In 1986 the OSTP assigned regulatory approval of genetically modified plants in the US to the USDA, FDA and EPA. [10] The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted on 29 January 2000 and entered into force on 11 September 2003. [11] It is an international treaty that governs the transfer, handling, and use of genetically modified (GM) organisms.