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The eclipse period is a variable period starting from HIV exposure in which no existing test can detect HIV. The median duration of the eclipse period in one study was 11.5 days. The window period is the time between HIV exposure and when an antibody or antigen test can detect HIV. The median window period for antibody/antigen testing is 18 days.
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) refers to kidney disease developing in association with infection by human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS. The most common, or "classical", type of HIV-associated nephropathy is a collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), though other forms of kidney disease may also occur. [ 1 ]
Potassium (K) – per day: 40 [5] 90 [5] mmol / 24 h: Urine K may be measured in a diagnostic examination for hypokalemia (low blood potassium). If potassium is being lost through the kidneys, urine potassium will likely be high. If urine potassium is low, this suggests a non-renal cause. [7] Urinary calcium (Ca) – per day: 2.5: 6.25: mmol / 24 h
A standard urine test strip may comprise up to 10 different chemical pads or reagents which react (change color) when immersed in, and then removed from, a urine sample.The test can often be read in as little as 60 to 120 seconds after dipping, although certain tests require longer.
It is not possible for the kidneys to produce urine with a specific gravity greater than 1.040 [40] but such readings can occur in urine that contains high-molecular weight substances, such as contrast dyes used in radiographic imaging. [38] Specific gravity is commonly measured with urine test strips, but refractometers may also be used. [41]
The OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test is a single-use, qualitative immunoassay that can be purchased over-the-counter (OTC). This test kit contains a test swab that collects oral fluid containing antibodies for HIV-1 and HIV-2 from the user’s gums. The material is gathered and combined with buffered developer solution in a test tube.
Most people who take a drug test take a presumptive test, cheaper and faster than other methods of testing. However, it is less accurate and can render false results. The FDA recommends for confirmatory testing to be conducted and the placing of a warning label on the presumptive drug test: "This assay provides only a preliminary result.
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of therapeutic and recreational drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine. [ 1 ] It is an immunoassay in which a drug or metabolite in the sample competes with a drug/metabolite labelled with an enzyme, to bind to an antibody.