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The DSM-5 and the ICD-10 are both used to make specific diagnostic decisions. Speech and language disorders commonly include communication issues, but also extend into various areas such as oral-motor function—sucking, swallowing, drinking, or eating. In some cases, a child's communication is delayed considerably behind his/her same-aged peers.
Stuttering – a speech disorder characterized by a break in fluency, where sounds, syllables, or words may be repeated or prolonged. [10] Phonological disorder – a speech sound disorder characterized by problems in making patterns of sound errors (e.g., "dat" for "that").
The term "protracted phonological development" is sometimes preferred when describing children's speech, to emphasize the continuing development while acknowledging the delay. A study in the United States estimated that amongst 6 year olds, 5.3% of African American children and 3.8% of White children have a speech sound disorder.
Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder .
[10] [11] Children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder are often likely to have long-term implications for language development, literacy, behavior, social development, and even mental health problems. [6] If suspected of having a mixed receptive-expressive language disorder, treatment is available from a speech therapist or ...
Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute. [2] Speech skills are vital to social relationships and learning, and delays or disorders that relate to developing these skills can impact individuals function. [3] For many children and adolescents, this can present as issues with academics. [4]
Another key feature is inconsistency of speech sound production from one occasion to another. Although the term "dyspraxia" suggests a pure output disorder, [16] many – perhaps all – of these children have difficulty in doing tasks that involve mentally manipulating speech sounds, such as phonological awareness tasks.
Dyslalia is an antiquated term for the incapacity to produce speech phonetically correctly, without neurological disorders or hearing disorders. Under the ICD-10, Dyslalia is currently coded under F80.0 (Phonological disorder). See speech disorders for information on current classifications and etiologies of phonetically based speech sound ...