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The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13070-5. PDF, accessed 2 May 2017; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2010). "Transmitters of authority and ideas across cultural boundaries, eleventh to eighteenth century". In Cook, Michael (ed.). The new Cambridge history of Islam (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK ...
Indonesian Ulema Council (Indonesian: Majelis Ulama Indonesia, Arabic: مجلس العلماء الإندونيسي, abbreviated MUI) is Indonesia's top Islamic scholars' body. MUI was founded in Jakarta on 26 July 1975 during the New Order era. [ 1 ]
Ulama and kyais, mostly wealthy landowners of rural area, were authoritative figures in this system, and santri (students) learned Islam through taqlid (rote learning) and kitab kuning. Distinct characteristics of traditionalism are based on such syncretism and rural communal dynamics.
Islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation.. However, in the modern contexts of Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries as well as secularised Muslim states like Turkey, and Bangladesh, the religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal sha
ICMI advocated the domination of Muslims in the ranks of government, civil services, police and military, industries and commerce and the relegation of ethnic and religious minorities to inferior ranks. ICMI also oversaw the establishment of religious courts (Pengadilan Agama), an Islamic bank Bank Muamalat, and an Islamic-oriented media Republika.
The International Union of Muslim Scholars (IUMS; Arabic: الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين; al-Ittiḥād al-ʻĀlamī li-ʻUlāmāʼ al-Muslimīn) is an independent international body of Islamic theologians, currently headed by Ali al-Qaradaghi since 2022. [2]
Through common usage in Indonesia, the word ulama grew to signify a high-level kyai, even though this is a grammatical misuse of the Arabic word. [ 2 ] In legend, if not in fact, a kyai combines the skills and roles of both the Islamic scholar and the Sufi master ( sheikh or syehk ).
In a study by American sociologist Clifford Geertz, the santri are people, particularly in Java, who practice a more orthodox version of Islam, in contrast to the more syncretic abangan. Geertz identified three main cultural streams (aliran in Indonesian) in Javanese society; namely, the santri, abangan, and priyayi.