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A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel.
Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments, and experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma, such as plasma components' density, distribution function over energy (temperature), their spatial profiles and dynamics, which enable to derive plasma parameters.
Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas .
where is measured by the ball-pen probe, by the standard Langmuir probe, and is given by the Langmuir probe geometry, plasma gas composition, the magnetic field, and other minor factors (secondary electron emission, sheath expansion, etc.). It can be calculated theoretically, its value being about 3 for a non-magnetized hydrogen plasma.
It was not clear how damping could occur in a collisionless plasma: where does the wave energy go? In fluid theory, in which the plasma is modeled as a dispersive dielectric medium, [12] the energy of Langmuir waves is known: field energy multiplied by the Brillouin factor (). But damping cannot be derived in this model.
In plasma physics, waves in plasmas are an interconnected set of particles and fields which propagate in a periodically repeating fashion. A plasma is a quasineutral, electrically conductive fluid.
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