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Care is necessary because in some contexts (e.g. spacecraft engineering), the name "field emission" is applied to the field-induced emission of ions (field ion emission), rather than electrons, and because in some theoretical contexts "field emission" is used as a general name covering both field electron emission and field ion emission.
electron-electron scattering Bhabha scattering: electron-positron scattering Penguin diagram: a quark changes flavor via a W or Z loop Tadpole diagram: One loop diagram with one external leg Self-interaction or oyster diagram An electron emits and reabsorbs a photon Box diagram The box diagram for kaon oscillations: Photon-photon scattering
It was made by etching some material away to make a porous structure with a large surface area. As an electron emission point on an individual spike wears out, another is available to replace it, making the array more durable. [1] [2] A field emitter array (FEA) is a particular form of large-area field electron source. FEAs are prepared on a ...
Stimulated emission was a theoretical discovery by Albert Einstein within the framework of the old quantum theory, wherein the emission is described in terms of photons that are the quanta of the EM field. [5] [6] Stimulated emission can also occur in classical models, without reference to photons or quantum-mechanics.
In this regime, the combined effects of field-enhanced thermionic and field emission can be modeled by the Murphy-Good equation for thermo-field (T-F) emission. [35] At even higher fields, FN tunneling becomes the dominant electron emission mechanism, and the emitter operates in the so-called "cold field electron emission (CFE)" regime.
The field path integral can be extended to the Fermi case, but only if the notion of integration is expanded. A Grassmann integral of a free Fermi field is a high-dimensional determinant or Pfaffian, which defines the new type of Gaussian integration appropriate for Fermi fields. The two fundamental formulas of Grassmann integration are:
If the mean free path is too long, then the electron reaches the anode before colliding with another molecule. The avalanche mechanism is shown in the accompanying diagram. The electric field is applied across a gaseous medium; initial ions are created with ionising radiation (for example, cosmic rays ).
Schottky-emitter electron source of an Electron microscope. A field emission gun (FEG) is a type of electron gun in which a sharply pointed Müller-type [clarification needed] emitter [1]: 87–128 is held at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause field electron emission.