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Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole insecticide class. [3] Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the ligand-gated ion channel of the GABA A receptor (IRAC group 2B) and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles.
Imidacloprid is more toxic to bees than the organophosphate dimethoate (oral LD 50 152 ng/bee) or the pyrethroid cypermethrin (oral LD 50 160 ng/bee). [34] The toxicity of imidacloprid to bees differs from most insecticides in that it is more toxic orally than by contact. The contact acute LD 50 is 0.024 μg active ingredient per bee. [35]
Propoxur is highly toxic to honey bees. The LD50 for bees is greater than one ug/honey bee. [citation needed] Highly toxic Acephate [25] Orthene Organophosphate: 3 days Acephate is a broad-spectrum insecticide and is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects. [26] Moderately toxic Azinphos-methyl [27] Guthion, Methyl-Guthion ...
Carbaryl kills both targeted (e.g., malaria-carrying mosquitos) and beneficial insects (e.g., honeybees), as well as crustaceans. [8] Because it is highly toxic to zooplankton, the algae they feed on experience blooms. Boone & Bridges 2003 find that larger algae eaters such as Bufo woodhousii benefit from this effect. [9]
Bifenthrin is an effectively used insecticide, but the risk is high of it working only for a short time. Mosquitoes can develop a resistance to it, as well. [8] Aquatic life. Bifenthrin is hardly soluble in water, so nearly all bifenthrin will stay in the sediment, but it is very harmful to aquatic life.
Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum, systemic insecticide, which means it is absorbed quickly by plants and transported to all of its parts, including pollen, where it acts to deter insect feeding. [ citation needed ] An insect can absorb it in its stomach after feeding, or through direct contact, including through its tracheal system.
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