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Since the founding of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman law and religious life were defined by the Hanafi madhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence). With respect to creed, the Maturidi school was majorly adhered to, dominating madrassahs (Islamic Both the Maturidi and Ash'ari schools of Islamic theology used Ilm al-Kalam to understand the Quran and the hadith (sayings and actions of Mohammed and the ...
A more recent thesis suggests that the rise of the Safavid Empire resulted in a Sunni-Shi'a divide, which threatened the Ottoman aspirations to lead the Muslim community. [2] According to this view, this led to the rise of Sunni orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire as a response to the rise of Qizilbash and Shi'ism amongst Safavids.
The Ottomans tried to leave the choice of religion to the individual rather than imposing forced classifications. However, there were grey areas. Ottoman Greeks in Constantinople, painted by Luigi Mayer. Ottoman practice assumed that law would be applied based on the religious beliefs of its citizens.
An example of an early Shia–Sunni fitna shootout occurred in Kurram, one of the tribal agencies of the Northwest Pakistan, where the Pushtun population was split between Sunnis and Shia. In September 1996 more than 200 people were killed when a gun battle between teenage Shia and Sunni escalated into a communal war that lasted five days.
Alawites [b] are an Arab [18] [19] ethnoreligious group [20] who live primarily in the Levant region in West Asia and follow Alawism. [21] A sect of Islam that splintered from early Shia as a ghulat branch during the ninth century, [22] [23] [24] Alawites venerate Ali ibn Abi Talib, the "first Imam" in the Twelver school, as a manifestation of the divine essence.
Sunni Islam [a] (/ ˈ s uː n i /; Arabic: أهل السنة, romanized: Ahl as-Sunnah, lit. 'The People of the Sunnah') is the largest denomination of Islam, followed by 87–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
The Ottoman jurist Ebussuud Efendi called both Suleiman and his son Selim II (r. 1566–1574) "caliph to the apostle of the lord of the worlds". [ 8 ] Sultans after Suleiman I until Abdul Hamid I (r. 1774–1789) used the title of caliph so rarely that some historians have suggested that the sultans forgot their association with the title. [ 11 ]
In the 7th century some early Muslims expected Ali to become a first caliph, successor to Muhammad.After ascension of Abu Bakr, supporters of Ali (and future Shia) continued to believe only people from Muhammad's family to qualify as rulers and selected an imam, from each generation (the proto-Sunni, in contrast, recognized Abu Bakr as a legitimate first caliph). [5]