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Contemporary groups, collectively termed Hindu reform movements, reform Hinduism, [1] [2] neo-Hinduism, [2] or Hindu revivalism, strive to introduce regeneration and reform to Hinduism, both in a religious or spiritual and in a societal sense. [3] The movements started appearing during the Bengali Renaissance. [4]
In the 20th century the German Indologist Paul Hacker used the terms "Neo-Vedanta" and "Neo-Hinduism" polemically, to criticize modern Hindu thinkers. [142] Halbfass regards the terms "Neo-Vedanta" and "Neo-Hinduism" as "useful and legitimate as convenient labels", [6] but has criticized Hacker for use that was "simplistic". [6] Furthermore, he ...
During the British colonial period, the British substantially influenced Indian society, but India also influenced the western world. An early champion of Indian-inspired thought in the West was Arthur Schopenhauer who in the 1850s advocated ethics based on an "Aryan-Vedic theme of spiritual self-conquest", as opposed to the ignorant drive toward earthly utopianism of the superficially this ...
Brahmabandhav Upadhyay told, Vivekananda and his mission encouraged him to go to England and propagate Hinduism and Vedanta there. Bal Gangadhar Tilak praised Vivekananda for taking the responsibility to re-establish the glory of Hinduism. [7] Bipin Chandra Pal felt, Vivekananda's message was "the message of modern humanity". [8]
[c] The word Hindu is an exonym, [note 2] and while Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, [note 3] it has also been described by the modern term Sanātana Dharma (lit. ' eternal dharma ') emphasizing its eternal nature. [note 4] Another endonym for Hinduism is Vaidika Dharma (lit. ' Vedic dharma '). [web 1]
Claude Markovits, a French historian of colonial India, writes that Hindu society in north and west India (Sindh), in late 18th century and much of 19th century, lacked a proper caste system, their religious identities were fluid (a combination of Saivism, Vaisnavism, Sikhism), and the Brahmins were not the widespread priestly group (but the ...
Hinduism is the largest and most practised religion in India. [1] [2] About 80% of the country's population identified as Hindu in the last census. India contains 94% of the global Hindu population. [3] [4] The vast majority of Indian Hindus belong to Shaivite, Vaishnavite and Shakta denominations. [5]
Human Rights Watch describes the caste system as a "discriminatory and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment" [29] of over 165 million people in India. The justification of the discrimination on the basis of caste, which according to HRW is "a defining feature of Hinduism," [30] has repeatedly been noticed and described by the United Nations and HRW, along with criticism of other caste ...