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Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome that causes episodes of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system can manifest as increased heart rate, increased respiration, increased blood pressure, diaphoresis , and hyperthermia . [ 1 ]
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
Treatment Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam ), beta blockers , antihypertensives An adrenergic storm is a sudden and dramatic increase in serum levels of the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine respectively), with a less significant increase in dopamine transmission.
The mechanism of autonomic dysreflexia has to do with the relationship of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. [22] Supraspinal vasomotor neurons send projections to the intermediolateral cell column, which is composed of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) through the T1-L2 segments of the spinal cord. [11]
Autonomic drugs are substances that can either inhibit or enhance the functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. This type of drug can be used to treat a wide range of diseases an disorders, including glaucoma, asthma, and disorders of the urinary, gastrointestinal and circulatory systems.
Treatment [ edit ] Some elements of the cholinergic crisis can be reversed with antimuscarinic drugs like atropine or diphenhydramine , but the most dangerous effect — respiratory depression, cannot.
Such cardiovascular instability is exacerbated by hypoxia, or treatment with endotracheal or endobronchial suction used to prevent pulmonary aspiration. [ 3 ] Neurogenic shock is a potentially devastating complication, leading to organ dysfunction and death if not promptly recognized and treated.
Outpatient commitment—also called assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) or community treatment orders (CTO)—refers to a civil court procedure wherein a legal process orders an individual diagnosed with a severe mental disorder to adhere to an outpatient treatment plan designed to prevent further deterioration or recurrence that is harmful to themselves or others.