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  2. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    In other words, the antecedent S cannot be true without N being true. For example, in order for someone to be called S ocrates, it is necessary for that someone to be N amed. Similarly, in order for human beings to live, it is necessary that they have air.

  3. Occam's razor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor

    In penal theory and the philosophy of punishment, parsimony refers specifically to taking care in the distribution of punishment in order to avoid excessive punishment. In the utilitarian approach to the philosophy of punishment, Jeremy Bentham 's "parsimony principle" states that any punishment greater than is required to achieve its end is ...

  4. Requirement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirement

    Requirements are usually written as a means for communication between the different stakeholders. This means that the requirements should be easy to understand both for normal users and for developers. One common way to document a requirement is stating what the system must do. Example: 'The contractor must deliver the product no later than xyz ...

  5. Requirements engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_engineering

    A RS can contain both written and graphical (models) information if necessary. Example: Software requirements specification (SRS). Requirements validation – Checking that the documented requirements and models are consistent and meet the stakeholder's needs. Only if the final draft passes the validation process, the RS becomes official.

  6. Dual-coding theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-coding_theory

    These results supported Paivio's hypothesis that verbal information is processed differently from visual information and that verbal information was superior to visual information when sequential order was also required for the memory task. [11] Lee Brooks conducted an experiment that provided additional support for two systems for memory.

  7. Transfer-appropriate processing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-appropriate...

    Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) is a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-of-processing effect), but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.

  8. Higher-order thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_thinking

    Higher-order thinking, also known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), [1] is a concept applied in relation to education reform and based on learning taxonomies (such as American psychologist Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy). The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits.

  9. Information seeking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_seeking

    Robinson's (2010) [11] research suggests that when seeking information at work, people rely on both other people and information repositories (e.g., documents and databases), and spend similar amounts of time consulting each (7.8% and 6.4% of work time, respectively; 14.2% in total). However, the distribution of time among the constituent ...