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  2. Quantization of the electromagnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_of_the...

    The energy content of this volume element at 5 km from the station is 2.1 × 1010 × 0.109 = 2.3 × 10 −11 J, which amounts to 3.4 × 10 14 photons per (). Since 3.4 × 10 14 > 1, quantum effects do not play a role. The waves emitted by this station are well-described by the classical limit and quantum mechanics is not needed.

  3. Photoelectric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect

    In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency of light multiplied by a constant, later called the Planck constant. A ...

  4. Annus mirabilis papers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers

    Table of contents of the journal Annalen der Physik for the issue of June 1905. Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect is sixth on this list. The article "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" ("On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light") [einstein 1] received 18 March and published 9 June ...

  5. Photon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

    As shown by Albert Einstein, [10] [53] some form of energy quantization must be assumed to account for the thermal equilibrium observed between matter and electromagnetic radiation; for this explanation of the photoelectric effect, Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics. [54]

  6. Photoemission electron microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoemission_electron...

    Photoelectric effect Schematic illustration of the photoemission process. Using Einstein's method, the following equations are used: energy of photon = energy needed to remove an electron + kinetic energy of the emitted electron = + where h is the Planck constant;

  7. History of quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics

    The photoelectric effect: Einstein explained this in 1905 (and later received a Nobel prize for it) using the concept of photons, particles of light with quantized energy. Robert Millikan's oil-drop experiment, which showed that electric charge occurs as quanta (whole units). (1909)

  8. Einstein coefficients - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_coefficients

    In 1916, Albert Einstein proposed that there are three processes occurring in the formation of an atomic spectral line. The three processes are referred to as spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, and absorption. With each is associated an Einstein coefficient, which is a measure of the probability of that particular process occurring.

  9. Planck postulate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_postulate

    In 1905, Albert Einstein adapted the Planck postulate to explain the photoelectric effect, but Einstein proposed that the energy of photons themselves was quantized (with photon energy given by the Planck–Einstein relation), and that quantization was not merely a feature of microscopic oscillators.