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Nitrogen-13 and oxygen-15 are produced in the atmosphere when gamma rays (for example from lightning) knock neutrons out of nitrogen-14 and oxygen-16: 14 N + γ → 13 N + n 16 O + γ → 15 O + n. The nitrogen-13 produced as a result decays with a half-life of 9.965(4) min to carbon-13, emitting a positron.
Nitrogen-13 is used in medical PET imaging in the form of 13 N-labelled ammonia. It can be produced with a medical cyclotron, using a target of pure water with a trace amount of ethanol. The reactants are oxygen-16 (present as H 2 O) and a proton, and the products are nitrogen-13 and an alpha particle (helium-4). 1 H + 16 O → 13 N + 4 He
Oxygen-13 is an unstable isotope, with 8 protons and 5 neutrons. It has spin 3/2−, and half-life 8.58(5) ms. Its atomic mass is 13.024 815 (10) Da. It decays to nitrogen-13 by electron capture, with a decay energy of 17.770(10) MeV. Its parent nuclide is fluorine-14.
Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-15, and oxygen-16 in the table above. Isobars are nuclides with the same number of nucleons (i.e. mass number) but different numbers of protons and neutrons. Isobars neighbor each other diagonally from lower-left to upper-right. Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-14, and oxygen-14 in the table above.
Beryllium + Oxygen: 23.9 [3] Lithium + Fluorine: 23.75 [citation needed] Octaazacubane potential explosive: 22.9 [4] Hydrogen + Oxygen: 13.4 [5] Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline: 13.3 [citation needed] Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed [citation needed] 9.8: Octanitrocubane explosive: 8.5 [6] 16.9 [7] Tetranitrotetrahedrane ...
[7] [8] This conclusion arose from a belief that is now known to be mistaken, that the abundance of nitrogen in the sun is approximately 10%; it is actually less than half a percent. [15] The CN-cycle, named as it contains no stable isotope of oxygen, involves the following cycle of transformations: [15] 12 6 C → 13 7 N → 13 6 C → 14 7 N
Oxygen equivalent compares the relative amount of oxygen available for respiration at a variable pressure to that available at SATP.As external respiration depends on the exchange of gases due to partial pressures across a semipermeable membrane and normally occurs at SATP, an oxygen equivalent may aid in recognizing and managing variable oxygen availability during procedures such as ...
For example, each molecule of oxygen (O 2) is composed of two oxygen atoms. Therefore, the atomicity of oxygen is 2. [1] In older contexts, atomicity is sometimes equivalent to valency. Some authors also use the term to refer to the maximum number of valencies observed for an element. [2]