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Forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence, [1] and the law. In contrast to "everyday" statistics, to not engender bias or unduly draw conclusions, forensic statisticians report likelihoods as likelihood ratios (LR).
Fig. 3.19 is a contingency table illustrating the relationships between test results and condition presence, as well as the following test accuracy parameters: Sensitivity (the rate at which the test is positive when the condition is present) TP/(TP + FN) Specificity (the rate at which the test is negative when the condition is absent) TN/(TN + FP)
In this method, statistics for each individual locus is determined using population statistics and then combined to get the total CPI or CPE. These calculations are repeated for all available loci with all available data and then each value is multiplied together to get the total combined probability of inclusion or exclusion.
[3] In addition to their laboratory role, forensic scientists testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases and can work for either the prosecution or the defense. While any field could technically be forensic, certain sections have developed over time to encompass the majority of forensically related cases. [4]
Investigative genetic genealogy, also known as forensic genetic genealogy, is the emerging practice of utilizing genetic information from direct-to-consumer companies for identifying suspects or victims in criminal cases. [1]
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting and genetic fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid characteristics.DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
[3] [4] The two main ways to prevent wildlife crime is various types of legislation which helps protect and identify species, and the application of wildlife forensic science, which is used to view biological aspects of the crime, and is used as supporting evidence to pass various legislative acts. [2]
Forensic profiling is the study of trace evidence in order to develop information which can be used by police authorities. This information can be used to identify suspects and convict them in a court of law. The term "forensic" in this context refers to "information that is used in court as evidence" (Geradts & Sommer 2006, p. 10). The traces ...