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General Motors’ next-generation dexos1 specification (Dexos 1 Gen 2), [7] released in 2015, included an engine test based on a GM 2.0-liter four-cylinder Ecotec that will test for LSPI. [8] The ILSAC GF-6 standard (released in 2020) also include a test for oil-related LSPI events in gasoline direct-injection engines based on a Ford 2.0 L four ...
The name "RX" stands for "Radiant Crossover". [4] It has also been labelled as "Recreational Cross Country" in some markets. [5] The RX's current Toyota counterpart is the Highlander/Kluger; past counterparts included the Harrier and Venza. The first-generation RX 300, fitted with a 3.0-liter V6 engine, began sales in 1998.
Modern knock control-loop systems are able to adjust ignition timings for every cylinder individually. Depending on the specific engine the boost pressure is regulated simultaneously. This way performance is kept at its optimum while mostly eliminating the risk of engine damage caused by knock (e.g. when running on low octane fuel). [ 5 ]
The reduced engine speeds allow more time for autoignition chemistry to complete thus promoting the possibility of pre-ignition and so called "mega-knock". Under these circumstances, there is still significant debate as to the sources of the pre-ignition event. [3] Pre-ignition and engine knock both sharply increase combustion chamber temperatures.
To detect knock, a piezoelectric knock sensor (basically a microphone) bolted to the engine block responds to unique frequencies caused by engine knock. The sensor generates a small voltage that is sent to the electronic control unit , which processes the signal to determine if, in fact, knock is occurring.
The functional objective for the crankshaft position sensor is to determine the position and/or rotational speed of the crank. Engine Control Units use the information transmitted by the sensor to control parameters such as ignition timing and fuel injection timing. In a diesel, the sensor will control the fuel injection.
Pressure in cylinder pattern in dependence on ignition timing: (a) - misfire, (b) too soon, (c) optimal, (d) too late. In a spark ignition internal combustion engine, ignition timing is the timing, relative to the current piston position and crankshaft angle, of the release of a spark in the combustion chamber near the end of the compression stroke.
The LC 500h employs a hybrid powertrain, known as the Lexus Multi Stage Hybrid system. [37] It consists of a 3.5-litre 8GR-FXS V6 engine which produces 220 kW (295 hp; 299 PS) at 6,600 rpm and 356 N⋅m (263 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,100 rpm, in addition to two electric motors whose total output is 132 kW (177 hp; 179 PS) and 300 N⋅m (220 lb⋅ ...