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As of September 2022, there are 186 parties to the convention (185 states and the European Union). [1] Notable non-ratifying states include the United States, Israel, and Malaysia. The Stockholm Convention was adopted to EU legislation in Regulation (EC) No 850/2004. [3] In 2019, the latter was replaced by Regulation (EU) 2019/1021. [4]
This continued use in other parts of the world is still a global problem due to the mobility and persistence of DDT. The initial contact from DDT is on vegetation and soil. From here, the DDT can travel many routes; for instance, when plants and vegetation are exposed to the chemical to protect from insects, the plants may absorb it.
In a 2013 interview, Ruckelshaus briefly recounted his decision to ban DDT except for emergency uses, noting that Carson's book featured DDT and for that reason the issue drew considerable public attention. [73] Former Vice President of the United States and environmentalist Al Gore wrote an introduction to the 1992 edition of Silent Spring.
The evolution of DDT resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use. [13] A worldwide ban on agricultural use was formalized under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, which has been in effect since 2004.
The purpose statement of the agreement is "to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants." As of 2024, there are 185 countries plus the European Union have ratified the Stockholm Convention. [20] The convention and its participants have recognized the potential human and environmental toxicity of POPs.
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Scientists have found DDT in zooplankton and deep-sea fish off the coast of L.A., indicating the toxic chemical might be infiltrating the base of the food web.
In the Stockholm Convention on POPs, which came into effect on 17 May 2004, twelve POPs were listed to be eliminated or their production and use restricted. The OCPs or pesticide-POPs identified on this list have been termed the "dirty dozen" and include aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene.