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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Western European Christians in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, ... On the Iberian Peninsula, there was no significant Christian polity.
From the Mid-20th Century historians took a greater interest than before questioning why significant numbers of the lower classes travelled on the early crusades or took part in the unsanctioned popular outbreaks of the 13th and 14th- centuries. [47]
The shock led to the sudden death of Pope Urban III, and the departure of the Third Crusade. For Saladin, the conquest of Jerusalem was a significant political achievement, placing him as the defender of religion and a legendary military commander in chief, and giving him special status in the Muslim world.
Many other crusades were launched through time for various reasons and motives. Jerusalem remained in Christian hands for almost a century until the crusaders were defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, and three months later, the last defenders were expelled from the city. [ 10 ]
For this reason, the Third Crusade is also known as the Kings' Crusade. [ 13 ] It was partially successful, recapturing the important cities of Acre and Jaffa , and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but it failed to recapture Jerusalem, which was the major aim of the Crusade and its religious focus.
Many of the writings on later crusades continue to also focus on Jerusalem until the end of the crusades when Jerusalem stops being their focus and the return to stability in Europe does. Many of the secondary sources on this time period question how important the impact of the crusades was on both the Jewish and Christian communities.
The sack of Constantinople occurred in April 1204 and marked the culmination of the Fourth Crusade. Crusaders sacked and destroyed most of Constantinople , the capital of the Byzantine Empire . After the capture of the city, the Latin Empire (known to the Byzantines as the Frankokratia , or the Latin occupation [ 4 ] ) was established and ...