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The fossils and stone tools recovered at Dmanisi range in age from 1.85 to 1.77 million years old, [6] [7] [8] making the Dmanisi hominins the earliest well-dated hominin fossils in Eurasia and the best preserved fossils of early Homo from a single site so early in time, though earlier fossils and artifacts have been found in Asia.
It is the site of Dmanisi Hominid Skulls, which are dated to 1.8 million years ago, making them the earliest dated human remains in Eurasia. [2] [3] [4] A series of skulls which had diverse physical traits, discovered at Dmanisi in the early 2000s, led to the hypothesis that many separate species in the genus Homo were in fact a single lineage.
The following tables give an overview of notable finds of hominin fossils and remains relating to human evolution, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late Miocene, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago.
The Dmanisi skull, also known as Skull 5 or D4500, is one of five skulls discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia and classified as early Homo erectus.Described in a publication in October 2013, it is estimated to be about 1.8 million years old and is the most complete skull of a Pleistocene Homo species, [1] [2] and the first complete adult hominin skull of that degree of antiquity.
The earliest human fossils found outside of Africa are skulls and mandibles of the Asian Homo erectus from Dmanisi (modern Republic of Georgia) in Caucasus, which is a land corridor that led to North Asia from Africa and Near East or Middle East. They are approximately 1.8 Ma (Megaannum, or million years) old.
Dmanisi [41] 1.8 Dmanisi, Georgia West Asia H. erectus (associated) Hominin remains, stone tools, butchery Swartkrans [42] 1.8 South Africa Southern Africa Homo, P. robustus (associated) Hominin remains, bone tools Sterkfontein StW 53 [43] 1.8–1.5 [44] South Africa Southern Africa Cut marks on hominin bone Controversial [45] Sangiran [46] 1.6 ...
Stone tools found at the Shangchen site in China and dated to 2.12 million years ago are considered the earliest known evidence of hominins outside Africa, surpassing Dmanisi hominins found in Georgia by 300,000 years, although whether these hominins were an early species in the genus Homo or another hominin species is unknown. [37
The oldest Homo erectus fossils appear almost contemporaneously, shortly after two million years ago, both in Africa and in the Caucasus. The earliest well-dated Eurasian H. erectus site (if the fossils are indeed H. erectus — see Dmanisi hominins) is Dmanisi in Georgia, securely dated to 1.8 Ma.