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Michael John Scriven (/ ˈ s k r ɪ v ən /; 28 March 1928 – 28 August 2023) was a British-born Australian polymath and academic philosopher, best known for his contributions to the theory and practice of evaluation.
Goal-free evaluation (GFE) is any evaluation in which the evaluator conducts the evaluation without particular knowledge of or reference to stated or predetermined goals and objectives. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This external evaluation model typically consists of an independent evaluator who is intentionally screened from the program's stated goals ...
Michael Scriven further developed the Beardsley-Thomas approach in his 1976 book Reasoning. [29] Whereas Beardsley had said "At first, write out the statements...after a little practice, refer to the statements by number alone" [ 30 ] Scriven advocated clarifying the meaning of the statements, listing them and then using a tree diagram with ...
Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by premises through logical reasoning. With historical origins in logic , dialectic , and rhetoric , argumentation theory includes the arts and sciences of civil debate, dialogue , conversation , and persuasion .
Theory-driven evaluation (also theory-based evaluation) is an umbrella term for any approach to program evaluation that develops a theory of change and uses it to design, implement, analyze, and interpret findings from an evaluation. [1] [2] [3] More specifically, an evaluation is theory-driven if it: [4]
Formative assessment, formative evaluation, formative feedback, or assessment for learning, [1] including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
In common usage, evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards.It can assist an organization, program, design, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to generate the degree of ...
Informal logic as a distinguished enterprise under this name emerged roughly in the late 1970s as a sub-field of philosophy.The naming of the field was preceded by the appearance of a number of textbooks that rejected the symbolic approach to logic on pedagogical grounds as inappropriate and unhelpful for introductory textbooks on logic for a general audience, for example Howard Kahane's Logic ...