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Cardiomyocyte proliferation refers to the ability of cardiac muscle cells to progress through the cell cycle and continue to divide. Traditionally, cardiomyocytes were believed to have little to no ability to proliferate and regenerate after birth. [ 1 ]
In cardiology, ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) [1] refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling). [2]
In electrocardiography, the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential is about −90 mV at rest, [1] which is close to the potassium reversal potential. When an action potential is generated, the membrane potential rises above this level in five distinct phases. [1] Phase 4: Resting membrane potential remains stable at ≈−90 mV. [1]
A healthy adult cardiomyocyte has a cylindrical shape that is approximately 100μm long and 10–25μm in diameter. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy occurs through sarcomerogenesis, the creation of new sarcomere units in the cell. During heart volume overload, cardiomyocytes grow through eccentric hypertrophy. [27]
The β and γ subunits activate a special set of potassium channels, increasing potassium flow out of the cell and decreasing membrane potential, meaning that the pacemaker cells take longer to reach their threshold value. [44] The G i-protein also inhibits the cAMP pathway therefore reducing the sympathetic effects caused by the spinal nerves ...
Within the muscle tissue of animals and humans, contraction and relaxation of the muscle cells is a highly regulated and rhythmic process.In cardiomyocytes, or cardiac muscle cells, muscular contraction takes place due to movement at a structure referred to as the diad, sometimes spelled "dyad."
Myocardial contractility represents the innate ability of the heart muscle (cardiac muscle or myocardium) to contract.It is the maximum attainable value for the force of contraction of a given heart.
Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells.The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions.