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Momentum: the drag experienced by a rain drop as it falls in the atmosphere is an example of momentum diffusion (the rain drop loses momentum to the surrounding air through viscous stresses and decelerates). The molecular transfer equations of Newton's law for fluid momentum, Fourier's law for heat, and Fick's law for mass are
In the atmosphere, convective momentum transport by small but vigorous (cumulus type) cloudy updrafts can be understood as an interplay of three main mechanisms: Vertical advection of ambient momentum due to subsidence of environmental air that compensates the in-cloud upward mass flux, Detrainment of in-cloud momentum where updrafts stop ...
The first term is equal to the change in temperature due to incoming solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation, which changes with time throughout the day. The second, third, and fourth terms are due to advection. Additionally, the variable T with subscript is the change in temperature on that plane.
The advection equation is a first-order hyperbolic partial differential equation that governs the motion of a conserved scalar field as it is advected by a known velocity vector field. [1]
Δp x is uncertainty in measured value of momentum, Δt is duration of measurement, v x is velocity of particle before measurement, v′ x is velocity of particle after measurement, ħ is the reduced Planck constant. The measured momentum of the electron is then related to v x, whereas its momentum after the measurement is related to v′ x ...
The phrase "momentum diffusion" can also refer to the diffusion of the probability for a single particle to have a particular momentum. [2] In this case, it is the probability distribution function that diffuses in momentum space, rather than the (conserved) quantity of momentum that diffuses among many particles.
Weather radar loop showing intense snow bands (lighter color) due to CSI ahead of a warm front.. Conditional symmetric instability, or CSI, is a form of convective instability in a fluid subject to temperature differences in a uniform rotation frame of reference while it is thermally stable in the vertical and dynamically in the horizontal (inertial stability).
The acronym GCM originally stood for General Circulation Model.Recently, a second meaning came into use, namely Global Climate Model.While these do not refer to the same thing, General Circulation Models are typically the tools used for modeling climate, and hence the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably.