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In organic chemistry, Fehling's solution is a chemical reagent used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone (>C=O) functional groups, and as a test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, supplementary to the Tollens' reagent test. The test was developed by German chemist Hermann von Fehling in 1849. [1]
Due to mutarotation, glucose is always present to a small extent as an open-chain aldehyde. By adding the Fehling reagents (Fehling (I) solution and Fehling (II) solution), the aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, while the Cu 2+ tartrate complex is reduced to Cu + and forms a brick red precipitate (Cu 2 O).
Benedict's reagent (often called Benedict's qualitative solution or Benedict's solution) is a chemical reagent and complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. [1] It is often used in place of Fehling's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars and other reducing substances. [2]
Reducing form of glucose (the aldehyde group is on the far right) A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. [1] In an alkaline solution, a reducing sugar forms some aldehyde or ketone, which allows it to act as a reducing agent, for example in Benedict's reagent. In such a reaction, the sugar becomes a ...
Aldonic acids are the products of the oxidation of aldoses by Benedict's or Fehling's reagents. [7] Copper ions react with an aldose to form a red precipitate, Cu 2 O. The reaction scheme of an aldose being oxidized by the copper ions in a Benedict's reagent solution. The R group provided is an example of a sugar backbone.
The aqueous solution in the classical reaction contains glucose, sodium hydroxide and methylene blue. [14] In the first step an acyloin of glucose is formed. The next step is a redox reaction of the acyloin with methylene blue in which the glucose is oxidized to diketone in alkaline solution [6] and methylene blue is reduced to colorless leucomethylene blue.
Maltose, the main sugar produced in mashing, is a disaccharide of glucose with one reducing equivalent (one reactive aldehyde group). One maltose will reduce two Cu 2+ in the Fehling reaction. The concentration of Cu 2+ in Fehling’s solution is 0.14 M, which is capable of oxidizing 0.070 M maltose. 5 mL of Fehling’s solution can oxidize 0. ...
Fehling's solution tests for reducing sugars or aldehydes, similar to Benedict's reagent; Molisch's test tests for carbohydrates; Nylander's test tests for reducing sugars; Rapid furfural test distinguishes between glucose and fructose