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In the oldest pieces, the figures were drawn freehand on the fabric and surrounded with Holbein stitch. The background, often cream linen, [2] was filled as well as possible. For more modern pieces the pattern was constructed carefully on a paper grid in much the same way as counted cross-stitch patterns are created.
Counted cross-stitch embroidery, Hungary, mid-20th century. Counted-thread embroidery is any embroidery in which the number of warp and weft yarns in a fabric are methodically counted for each stitch, resulting in uniform-length stitches and a precise, uniform embroidery pattern. [1]
Cross-stitch is a form of sewing and a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches (called cross stitches) in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture. The stitcher counts the threads on a piece of evenweave fabric (such as linen ) in each direction so that the stitches are of uniform size and appearance.
Berlin wool work is a style of embroidery similar to today's needlepoint that was particularly popular in Europe and America from 1804 to 1875. [1]: 66 It is typically executed with wool yarn on canvas, [2] worked in a single stitch such as cross stitch or tent stitch, although Beeton's book of Needlework (1870) describes 15 different stitches for use in Berlin work.
Detail of cross stitch embroidery from Sweden. Cross stitch sampler with alphabets, crowns, and coronets, 1760 Cross stitch in canvas work. Cross stitches in embroidery, needlepoint, and other forms of needlework include a number of related stitches in which the thread is sewn in an x or + shape.
Blind stitch (or hemstitch) – type of slip stitch used for inconspicuous hem; Buttonhole stitch – for reinforcing buttonholes and preventing cut fabric from raveling; Chain stitch – hand or machine stitch for seams or decoration; Cross-stitch – usually used for decoration, but may also be used for seams