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Vertebral hemangiomas or haemangiomas (VHs) are a common vascular lesion found within the vertebral body of the thoracic and lumbar spine. These are predominantly benign lesions that are often found incidentally during radiology studies for other indications and can involve one or multiple vertebrae.
A hemangioma or haemangioma is a usually benign vascular tumor derived from blood vessel cell types. The most common form, seen in infants, is an infantile hemangioma , known colloquially as a "strawberry mark", most commonly presenting on the skin at birth or in the first weeks of life.
Intraosseous tumors (tumors within the bone) are more common (94%) than extraosseous tumors (6%). [2] It is more common in the posterior mandible of adults, [2] typically in the fourth to fifth decades. There may be a painless swelling, and it is often concurrent with an impacted tooth.
The corduroy sign reflects the characteristic trabecular changes caused by the hemangioma, namely, thinning of trabeculae as well as thickened vertical struts, resulting from compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining trabeculae to maintain structural integrity. These vertical trabecular striations give rise to the "corduroy" appearance on imaging.
Congenital hemangiomas are present and fully formed at birth, [5] and only account for 2% of the hemangiomas. They do not have the postnatal phase of proliferation common to infantile hemangiomas. [6] There are two main variants of congenital hemangioma: non-involuting, and rapidly involuting (beginning in the first year of life). [6]
Infantile hemangioma is the most common vascular tumor. It is a benign tumor, which occurs in 4-5% of Caucasian infants, but rarely in dark skinned infants. [6] It occurs in 20% of low weight premature infants and 2.2 to 4.5 times more frequently in females. [7]
Cavernous hemangiomas are erroneously called the most common benign tumors of the liver. [14] Usually one malformation exists, but multiple lesions can occur in the left or right lobe of the liver in 40% of patients. [3] Their sizes can range from a few millimeters to 20 centimetres. Those over 5 cm are often referred to as giant hemangiomas. [3]
A tufted angioma, also known as an acquired tufted angioma, angioblastoma, angioblastoma of Nakagawa, hypertrophic hemangioma, progressive capillary hemangioma, and tufted hemangioma [1] [2] usually develops in infancy or early childhood on the neck and upper trunk, and is an ill-defined, dull red macule with a mottled appearance, varying from 2 to 5 cm in diameter.