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In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug–food interaction is the effect of grapefruit on the metabolism of drugs .
Any antiretroviral drug: Black tar heroin: Whoonga, Nyaope [8] Widespread use in South Africa. Whoonga is classically reputed to be a combination of heroin with antiretroviral drugs such as ritonavir and/or efavirenz, often combined with additional drugs such as cannabis or hashish, methamphetamine and/or methaqualone: Any deliriant or diphen ...
A common drug from this example can be found is Seretide®, containing a long-acting β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist named as Salmeterol and a corticosteroid named as Fluticasone. [25] Additive interaction can also be found in combination therapy for treating hypertension.
This differs from a mechanism of action since it is a more specific term that focuses on the interaction between the drug itself and an enzyme or receptor and its particular form of interaction, whether through inhibition, activation, agonism, or antagonism. Furthermore, the term "mechanism of action" is the main term that is primarily used in ...
Topics of pharmacodynamics. Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs).The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).
[19] [31] For drugs recently sold on the market, drugs have information pages (monographs) that provide information on any potential interaction between a medication and grapefruit juice. [19] Because there is a growing number of medications that are known to interact with citrus, [ 1 ] patients should consult a pharmacist or physician before ...
In a ligand-receptor interaction, the ligand binds with the receptors to form a drug-receptor complex, producing a biological response. [3] [4] The biological nature of receptors can be enzymes, nucleic acids or cellular proteins. Common types of receptors include G-protein coupled receptors, nuclear receptors and ion channels. [4]
Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects—for example, acting on the same cell receptor or affecting the transmission of certain neurotransmitters.