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The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground. In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections.
The tube-frame design required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs. [97] The buildings used high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses. [98] [93] Although the columns themselves were lightweight, they were spaced closely together, forming a strong, rigid wall structure.
P is the wetted perimeter of the cross-section. More intuitively, the hydraulic diameter can be understood as a function of the hydraulic radius R H, which is defined as the cross-sectional area of the channel divided by the wetted perimeter. Here, the wetted perimeter includes all surfaces acted upon by shear stress from the fluid. [3]
The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind. [62] In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building. [63]
Khan's central innovation in skyscraper design and construction was the idea of the "tube" structural system for tall buildings, including the framed tube, trussed tube, and bundled tube variants. His "tube concept", using all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionized tall building design ...
The framed-tube design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind. [55] In designing the World Trade Center, Leslie Robertson considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner crashing into the building. [56]
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