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[1] [2] [3] The ampacity of a conductor depends on its ability to dissipate heat without damage to the conductor or its insulation. This is a function of the insulation temperature rating, the electrical resistance of the conductor material, the ambient temperature, and the ability of the insulated conductor to dissipate heat to the surroundings.
The best-known and simplest example of Ampère's force law, which underlaid (before 20 May 2019 [1]) the definition of the ampere, the SI unit of electric current, states that the magnetic force per unit length between two straight parallel conductors is
The International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units is an obsolete system of units used for measuring electrical and magnetic quantities. It was proposed as a system of practical international units (e.g., the international ampere, the international ohm, the international volt) by unanimous recommendation at the International Electrical Congress (Chicago, 1893), discussed at other ...
As of the 2019 revision of the SI, the ampere is defined by fixing the elementary charge e to be exactly 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C, [6] [9] which means an ampere is an electric current equivalent to 10 19 elementary charges moving every 1.602 176 634 seconds or 6.241 509 074 × 10 18 elementary charges moving in a second.
1 A Typical iPhone charger (5 W) 1.35 A Tesla coil, 0.76 meters (2 ft 6 in) high, at 200 kV and 270 kV peak [4] 2.1 A High power LED current (peak 2.7 A) [5] 5 A One typical 12 V motor vehicle headlight (typically 60 W) 9 A 230 V AC, toaster, kettle (2 kW) 10 1: 10 or 20 A 230 V AC, Europe common domestic circuit breaker rating 15 or 20 A
For instance, instead of 14 AWG (American wire gauge) copper wire, aluminium wiring would need to be 12 AWG on a typical 15 ampere lighting circuit, though local building codes vary. Solid aluminium conductors were originally made in the 1960s from a utility-grade aluminium alloy that had undesirable properties for a building wire, and were ...
In both those instances the white wire should be identified as being hot, usually with black tape inside junction boxes. The neutral wire is identified by gray or white insulated wire, perhaps using stripes or markings. With lamp cord wire the ribbed wire is the neutral, and the smooth wire is the hot. NEC 2008 400.22(f) allows surface marking ...
Without the presence of an electric field, the electrons have no net velocity. When a DC voltage is applied, the electron drift velocity will increase in speed proportionally to the strength of the electric field. The drift velocity in a 2 mm diameter copper wire in 1 ampere current is approximately 8 cm per hour. AC voltages cause no net movement.