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Histidine (symbol His or H) [2] is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH 3 + form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO − form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a ...
Betahistine was once believed to have some positive effects in the treatment of Ménière's disease and vertigo, [3] but more recent evidence casts doubt on its efficacy. [4] [5] Studies of the use of betahistine have shown a reduction in symptoms of vertigo and, to a lesser extent, tinnitus, but conclusive evidence is lacking at present.
Histamine is derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase. It is a hydrophilic vasoactive amine . Conversion of histidine to histamine by histidine decarboxylase
A histamine agonist is a drug which causes increased activity at one or more of the four histamine receptor subtypes.. H 1 agonists promote wakefulness. [1]H 2: Betazole and Impromidine are examples of agonists used in diagnostics to increase histamine.
The most common adverse effect is sedation; this "side-effect" is utilized in many OTC sleeping-aid preparations. Other common adverse effects in first-generation H 1 -antihistamines include dizziness, tinnitus , blurred vision, euphoria , incoordination, anxiety , increased appetite leading to weight gain , insomnia , tremor, nausea and ...
Common side effects include sleepiness, dry mouth, cough, vomiting, and diarrhea. [3] Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied and use when breastfeeding is of unclear safety. [5] It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine and works by blocking histamine H 1-receptors. [6] [3]
Nizatidine was developed by Eli Lilly, and was first marketed in 1988. [3] It is considered to be equipotent with ranitidine and differs by the substitution of a thiazole ring in place of the furan ring in ranitidine.
Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. [9] It is a first-generation antihistamine in the piperazine family of chemicals. [8] [4] Common side effects include sleepiness, headache, and dry mouth. [8] [9] Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. [9] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. [8]