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  2. Ptosis (breasts) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)

    Ptosis or sagging of the female breast is a natural consequence of aging.The rate at which a woman's breasts drop and the degree of ptosis depends on many factors. The key factors influencing breast ptosis over a woman's lifetime are cigarette smoking, her number of pregnancies, higher body mass index, larger bra cup size, and significant weight change.

  3. Mastopexy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastopexy

    Grade III: Advanced ptosis — The nipple is located below the IMF, and is at the maximum projection of the breast from the chest. Grade IV: Severe ptosis — The nipple is far below the inframammary fold, and there is no lower-pole breast tissue below the nipple. Laurence Anthony Kirwan published an alternative classification system for ptosis ...

  4. Breast reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_reduction

    The specific reduction mammoplasty procedure is determined by the volume of breast tissues (glandular, adipose, skin) to be resected (cut and removed) from each breast, and the degree of breast ptosis present: Pseudoptosis (sagging of the inferior pole of the breast; the nipple is at or above the inframammary fold); Grade I: Mild ptosis (the ...

  5. Inverted nipple - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_nipple

    The grade-1 inverted nipple maintains its projections and rarely retracts. Also, grade-1 inverted nipples may occasionally pop up without manipulation or pressure. [1] Milk ducts are usually not compromised and breast feeding is possible. These are "shy nipples". It is believed to have minimal or no fibrosis.

  6. Cooper's ligaments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper's_ligaments

    Many women believe that sagging (ptosis) is caused by the failure of the Cooper's ligaments to support the breast tissue. In fact, ptosis is partly determined by genetic factors, but a review found that the biggest factors are higher body mass index, larger breast size, significant weight loss, smoking, her number of pregnancies, and her age. [6]

  7. Nipple-sparing mastectomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple-sparing_mastectomy

    It involves the removal of all breast tissue, except the nipple-areolar complex (NAC), and the creation of new circulatory connections from the breast skin to NAC. [1] By preserving the NAC, NSM has provided patients with higher cosmetic expectations and the opportunity to undergo a mastectomy while maintaining a more natural appearance.

  8. Blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharophimosis,_ptosis...

    Blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a rare medical anomaly characterized by the conditions it is named after: blepharophimosis, ptosis and epicanthus inversus. There are two types; type 1 is distinguished from type 2 by including the symptom of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in females, which causes ...

  9. Intermammary cleft - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermammary_cleft

    Tinea versicolor is a condition characterized by pinhead to coin sized eruptions on the body trunk and proximal extremities, often affecting the breast cleavage as a narrow band of lesions. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] The majority of tinea versicolor is caused by the fungus Malassezia globosa , although Malassezia furfur is responsible for a small number of ...