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  2. Closed system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

    A closed system is a natural physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, although – in the contexts of physics, chemistry, engineering, etc. – the transfer of energy (e.g. as work or heat) is allowed.

  3. Closed ecological system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_ecological_system

    Closed ecological systems or contained ecological systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. The term is most often used to describe small, man-made ecosystems. Such systems can potentially serve as a life-support system or space habitats. [1]

  4. Closed system (control theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_(control_theory)

    The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design ...

  5. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    Properties of isolated, closed, and open thermodynamic systems in exchanging energy and matter. A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics.

  6. Isolated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system

    Properties of Isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following: a physical system so far removed from other systems that it does not interact with them. a thermodynamic system enclosed by rigid immovable walls through which neither mass nor energy can pass.

  7. Conservation of energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 31 December 2024. Law of physics and chemistry This article is about the law of conservation of energy in physics. For sustainable energy resources, see Energy conservation. Part of a series on Continuum mechanics J = − D d φ d x {\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}} Fick's laws of diffusion ...

  8. Controlled ecological life-support system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_ecological_life...

    Controlled (or closed) ecological life-support systems (acronym CELSS) are a self-supporting life support system for space stations and colonies typically through controlled closed ecological systems, such as the BioHome, BIOS-3, Biosphere 2, Mars Desert Research Station, and Yuegong-1.

  9. Living systems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_systems

    Robert Rosen devoted a large part of his career, from 1958 [18] onwards, to developing a comprehensive theory of life as a self-organizing complex system, "closed to efficient causation". He defined a system component as "a unit of organization; a part with a function, i.e., a definite relation between part and whole."