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The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft, native metals like gold with simple hand tools, through the smelting of ores and hot forging of harder metals like iron , up to and including highly technical modern processes such as machining ...
Metallurgy derives from the Ancient Greek μεταλλουργός, metallourgós, "worker in metal", from μέταλλον, métallon, "mine, metal" + ἔργον, érgon, "work" The word was originally an alchemist's term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797 Encyclopædia ...
The history of ferrous metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began in the 2nd millennium BC. Archaeological sites in the Gangetic plains have yielded iron implements dated between 1800 and 1200 BC. [24] By the early 13th century BC, iron smelting was practiced on a large scale in India. [24]
The history of the modern steel industry began in the late 1850s. Since then, steel has become a staple of the world's industrial economy. This article is intended only to address the business, economic and social dimensions of the industry, since the bulk production of steel began as a result of Henry Bessemer 's development of the Bessemer ...
Sican tumi, or ceremonial knife, Peru, 850–1500 CE. Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America is the extraction, purification and alloying of metals and metal crafting by Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European contact in the late 15th century.
The history of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent began prior to the 3rd millennium BCE. [1] Metals and related concepts were mentioned in various early Vedic age texts. The Rigveda already uses the Sanskrit term ayas (Sanskrit: अयस्, romanized: áyas, lit.
Hogan, William T. Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States (5 vol 1971) monumental detail; Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978) Krass, Peter. Carnegie (2002). ISBN 0-471-38630-8. Livesay, Harold C. Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, 2nd Edition (1999).
Roman silver ingot, Britain, 1st–4th centuries AD Lead ingots from Roman Britain. Metals and metal working had been known to the people of modern Italy since the Bronze Age.By 53 BC, Rome had expanded to control an immense expanse of the Mediterranean.