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Some of these viruses require host cell polymerases to replicate their genome, while others, such as adenoviruses or herpes viruses, encode their own replication factors. However, in either case, replication of the viral genome is highly dependent on a cellular state permissive to DNA replication and, thus, on the cell cycle .
Some viruses can "hide" within a cell, which may mean that they evade the host cell defenses or immune system and may increase the long-term "success" of the virus. This hiding is deemed latency. During this time, the virus does not produce any progeny, it remains inactive until external stimuli—such as light or stress—prompts it to activate.
Viruses of the flaviviridae Family, such as hepatitis C virus, have developed complex viral mechanisms to rearrange the cell membrane, creating a membranaceous web designed to house viral replication machinery. These viruses utilize endogenous host cell nuclear pore complex proteins to shield viral RNA from Pattern Recognition Receptors by ...
All known RNA viruses, that is viruses that use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication, are categorized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) into the realm Riboviria. [3] This includes RNA viruses belonging to Group III, Group IV or Group V of the Baltimore classification system as well as Group VI.
The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses. DNA viruses The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell's nucleus. If the cell has the appropriate receptor on its surface, these viruses enter the cell either by direct ...
Viral RdRps were discovered in the early 1960s from studies on mengovirus and polio virus when it was observed that these viruses were not sensitive to actinomycin D, a drug that inhibits cellular DNA-directed RNA synthesis. This lack of sensitivity suggested the action of a virus-specific enzyme that could copy RNA from an RNA template.
The virus causes acute gastroenteritis — an inflammation of the stomach or intestines — which causes the diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pains. Although most people recover in three days or ...
When a virus infects a cell, the virus forces it to make thousands more viruses. It does this by making the cell copy the virus's DNA or RNA, making viral proteins, which all assemble to form new virus particles. [37] There are six basic, overlapping stages in the life cycle of viruses in living cells: [38]