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Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
The actions of the A 2A receptor are complicated by the fact that a variety of functional heteromers composed of a mixture of A 2A subunits with subunits from other unrelated G-protein coupled receptors have been found in the brain, adding a further degree of complexity to the role of adenosine in modulation of neuronal activity.
In addition, A 1 receptors couple to G o, which has been reported to mediate adenosine inhibition of Ca 2+ conductance, whereas A 2B and A 3 receptors also couple to G q and stimulate phospholipase activity. Researchers at Cornell University have recently shown adenosine receptors to be key in opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
A 1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. [6] A 1 receptors are also present in smooth muscle throughout the vascular system. [7] The adenosine A 1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. [citation needed]
These receptors enable the regulation of multiple processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, function, and death. [47] The activation of the adenosine A1 receptor is required for osteoclast differentiation and function, whereas the activation of the adenosine A2A receptor inhibits osteoclast function. The other three adenosine ...
Adenosine A 2A receptor locations in the body could help us to understand the possible therapeutic applications in the future. They can be found in the lungs, white blood cells, sympathetic nervous system, striatum, tuberculum olfactorium, coronary, lymphatic, brain and other blood vessels, platelets and kidneys.
136 11541 Ensembl ENSG00000170425 ENSMUSG00000018500 UniProt P29275 Q60614 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000676 NM_007413 RefSeq (protein) NP_000667 NP_031439 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 15.95 – 15.98 Mb Chr 11: 62.14 – 62.16 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The adenosine A 2B receptor, also known as ADORA2B, is a G-protein coupled adenosine receptor, and also denotes the human ...
A 2A receptors are not found in neurons that express the dopamine receptor D 1 receptors and Substance P. Within the striatum, part of the basal ganglia, activation of A 2A receptors by adenosine increases GABA release, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. When caffeine binds to the receptor, less inhibitory neurotransmitter is released, supporting ...