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The Rytz’s axis construction is a basic method of descriptive geometry to find the axes, the semi-major axis and semi-minor axis and the vertices of an ellipse, starting from two conjugated half-diameters. If the center and the semi axis of an ellipse are determined the ellipse can be drawn using an ellipsograph or by hand (see ellipse).
An ellipsograph is a trammel of Archimedes intended to draw, cut, or machine ellipses, e.g. in wood or other sheet materials. An ellipsograph has the appropriate instrument (pencil, knife, router, etc.) attached to the rod. Usually the distances a and b are adjustable, so that the size and shape of the ellipse can be varied.
An ellipse (red) obtained as the intersection of a cone with an inclined plane. Ellipse: notations Ellipses: examples with increasing eccentricity. In mathematics, an ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant.
The compass is used to draw arcs and circles. A drawing board was used to hold the drawing media in place; later boards included drafting machines that sped the layout of straight lines and angles. Tools such as templates and lettering guides assisted in the drawing of repetitive elements such as circles, ellipses, schematic symbols and text.
Technical Drawing 13th Edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-513527-3. "Leroy Lettering & Lettering Templates/Guides". Archived from the original on 2010-09-13; Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools and Colleges: SP46(Bureau of Indian Standards) A textbook of freehand lettering by Daniels, Frank Thomas 1865
An ellipse can be drawn (by computer or by hand), if besides the center at least two conjugate points on conjugate diameters are known. In this case either one determines by Rytz's construction the vertices of the ellipse and draws the ellipse with a suitable ellipse compass; or uses an parametric representation for drawing the ellipse.
Other tools allow creating Bézier curves, freehand drawing of lines (pencil), or calligraphic (brush-like) strokes which support a graphics tablet. [16] Inkscape is able to write and edit text with tools available for changing font, spacing, kerning, rotation, flowing along the path or into a shape. Text can be converted to paths for further ...
Draw lines of arbitrary thickness, an algorithm created by Alan Murphy at IBM. [6] Draw multiple kinds curves (circles, ellipses, cubic, quadratic, and rational Bézier curves) and antialiased lines and curves; a set of algorithms by Alois Zingl. [3]