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A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards" (inverted polarity) when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached. Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable.
In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...
Breakdown voltage is a characteristic of an insulator that defines the maximum voltage difference that can be applied across the material before the insulator conducts. In solid insulating materials, this usually [citation needed] creates a weakened path within the material by creating permanent molecular or physical changes by the sudden current.
These diodes can indefinitely sustain a moderate level of current during breakdown. The voltage at which the breakdown occurs is called the breakdown voltage . There is a hysteresis effect; once avalanche breakdown has occurred, the material will continue to conduct even if the voltage across it drops below the breakdown voltage.
In the Zener diode, the concept of PIV is not applicable. A Zener diode contains a heavily doped p–n junction allowing electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material, such that the reverse voltage is "clamped" to a known value (called the Zener voltage), and avalanche does not ...
According to stability boundary charts published in the original datasheet, TL431 is absolutely stable when C L is either less than 1 nF, or greater than 10 μF. [21] [22] Inside the 1 nF–10 μF range the likelihood of oscillation depends on the combination of capacitance, I CA and V CA. [21] [22] The worst-case scenario occurs at low I CA ...
The characteristic curve (curved line), representing the current I through the diode for any given voltage across the diode V D, is an exponential curve. The load line (diagonal line) , representing the relationship between current and voltage due to Kirchhoff's voltage law applied to the resistor and voltage source, is
Laboratory-grade Zener diode secondary solid-state voltage standards used in metrology can be constructed with a drift of about 1 part per million per year. [ 1 ] The value of the " conventional " volt is now maintained by superconductive integrated circuits using the Josephson Effect to get a voltage to an accuracy of 1 parts per billion or ...