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The Principality of Moscow [b] (1263–1389), later the Grand Principality of Moscow [c] (1389–1547), [d] was a medieval Russian principality. [9] Its capital was the city of Moscow. Moscow became a separate principality when Daniel (r. 1263–1303), the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, received the city and surrounding area as an appanage. [10]
The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic Schukinskaya site on the Moscow River.Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered to be a burial ground of the Fatyanovskaya culture, as well as the site of an Iron Age settlement of the Dyakovo culture, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest ...
Moscow Oblast: 1525-1531 Meyendorff Castle: Замок Майендорф Moscow Oblast: 1874-1885 Monastery of Saint Euthymius: Спасо-Евфимиев монастырь Vladimir Oblast: 1352-1669 Moscow Kremlin: Московский кремль Moscow: 1482-1495 Mozhaysk Kremlin: Можайский кремль Moscow Oblast: 1624-1626
Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century. Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares.
The foundations, as was traditional in medieval Moscow, were built of white stone, while the churches themselves were built of red brick (28 by 14 by 8 cm (11.0 by 5.5 by 3.1 in)), then a relatively new material [19] (the first attested brick building in Moscow, the new Kremlin Wall, was started in 1485). [87]
The princes of Moscow and Suzdal entered a struggle for the grand princely title following the death of Ivan II, with Ivan's son Dmitry Ivanovich (later known as Dmitry Donskoy) taking the throne from Dmitry Konstantinovich in 1363. [61] The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 marked a turning point, with the prince of Moscow seen as the dominant prince ...
Eventually, the Grand Principality of Moscow included new petty princedoms, courts of independent princes were dismissed, and "service people" passed to the grand prince. As a result, the appanage princes and boyars were transformed into state servants, who received estates for service in conditional holding ( "pomestye" – military fief).
In the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually conquered and annexed the northeastern Rus' principalities. This process is associated with reforming the Muscovite army, as new princedoms were absorbed, courts of independent princes were dismissed, and "service people" passed to the grand duke.