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Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction. [1] [6] [7] It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. [8] Menopause is usually a natural change related to a decrease in circulating blood estrogen levels. [3]
A potentially iatrogenic circumstance is misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder for another disorder, especially in pediatric patients considered to have major depressive disorder and prescribed stimulants or antidepressants. [13] Other conditions such as somatoform disorder are theorized to have significant sociocultural and iatrogenic components. [14]
Menopause is usually diagnosed through symptoms of vaginal atrophy, pelvic exams, and taking a comprehensive medical history consisting of last menstruation cycle. There is no definitive testing available for determining menopause as the symptom complex is the primary indicator [ 5 ] and because the lower levels of estradiol are harder to ...
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity, defined as beginning twelve months after the final natural menstrual cycle. This twelve month time point divides menopause into early and late transition periods known as 'perimenopause' and 'postmenopause'. [ 4 ]
Bleeding may occur frequently or infrequently, and can occur between periods, after sexual intercourse, and after menopause. Bleeding during pregnancy is excluded. [12] Hypomenorrhea is abnormally light menstrual bleeding. [13] Menorrhagia (meno = prolonged, rrhagia = excessive flow/discharge) is an abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual ...
Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment or procedures): The most common Iatrogenic cause of abnormal bleeding relates to treatment with hormonal medications such as birth control pills, patches, rings, injections, implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). Hormone therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms can also cause abnormal bleeding.
A more articulated definition of the term (see the MEDRS supporting the opening sentence of the current lead ) highlights also that not all iatrogenic effects are necessarily harmful. Surgical scars are an example that the lead has used for some time of an iatrogenic effect that is not usually harmful.
The theories discussed above assume that evolution directly selected for menopause. Another theory states that menopause is the byproduct of the evolutionary selection for follicular atresia, a factor that causes menopause. Menopause results from having too few ovarian follicles to produce enough estrogen to maintain the ovarian-pituitary ...